Identificación de las características de los ganglios evaluados en el procedimiento EBUS y su relación con el diagnóstico de malignidad en instituto de alta complejidad en cáncer / Identification of the Characteristics of the Lymph Nodes Evaluated in the EBUS Procedure and their Relationship with the Diagnosis of Malignancy in a Highly Complex Cancer Institute

Introducción: La EBUS ha sido el foco de numerosos estudios destinados a evaluar su utilidad y rendimiento diagnóstico en diversas patologías. Objetivo principal: Identificación de las características ganglionares evaluadas en el procedimiento de Ultrasonido Endobronquial (EBUS) y su relación con el diagnóstico de malignidad en pacientes del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer de Colombia del 1 de enero de 2017 al 31 de marzo de 2021.Métodos: Estudio analítico observacional transversal. La recopilación de datos implicó un muestreo de casos consecutivos no probabilísticos entre individuos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión.Resultados: Un total de 75 pacientes fueron sometidos a EBUS. Se identificaron 6 características ecográficas de los ganglios de la biopsia asociadas a malignidad destacándose los ganglios mayores de 1 cm, márgenes mal definidos, ecogenicidad heterogénea, ausencia de una estructura hiliar central, presencia de signos de necrosis o coagulación y presencia de conglomerado ganglionar. Conclusión: Este estudio caracterizó la frecuencia de los hallazgos en la ultrasonografía endobronquial destacando algunas características ecográficas de los ganglios mediastínicos que podrían predecir patología maligna.

Introduction: The EBUS has been the focus of numerous studies aiming to evaluate its utility and diagnostic performance across various pathologies. Objective: Identification of the node characteristics evaluated in the Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) procedure and their relationship with malignancy diagnosis in patients at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia from January 1st, 2017, to March 31st, 2021. Methods: Observational cross-sectional analytical study. Data collection involved non-probabilistic consecutive case sampling among individuals meeting the inclusion criteria.Results: A total of 75 patients underwent the EBUS procedure. Our findings revealed six predictors of malignancy based on sonographic features of biopsy nodes, including nodes larger than 1 cm, poorly defined margins, heterogeneous echogenicity, absence of a central hilar structure, presence of signs indicating necrosis or coagulation, and the presence of a ganglion conglomerate. Conclusions: This study showed that endobronchial ultrasonography has several sonographic characteristics at the time of evaluating mediastinal nodes that could predict malignant and benign pathology.

Variantes en la presentación clínica de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato en niños del hospital Garrahan / Variants in the clinical presentation of cat scratch disease in children at Garrahan Hospital

La infección por Bartonella henselae (BH) adopta diversas formas de presentación clínica en pediatría. Según la bibliografía la forma de presentación más frecuente en pacientes inmunocompetentes es la linfadenopatía única asociada a fiebre. En el 85 % de los casos se compromete un solo ganglio siendo los axilares y los epitrocleares los más frecuentemente involucrados. Existen otras formas de presentación menos frecuentes que debemos tener en consideración, para poder realizar un diagnóstico precoz e indicar un tratamiento adecuado si así lo requiere. El diagnóstico requiere de la sospecha clínica del equipo de salud tratante, junto al antecedente epidemiológico, los hallazgos clínicos del examen físico y la realización de serologías que incluyan el dosaje de inmunoglobulina M y G. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron reconocer las manifestaciones clínicas típicas y atípicas de la EAG por Bartonella henselae, describir la epidemiología, características clínicas y evolución de esta enfermedad que se presentaron en nuestro hospital. Se estudiaron un total de 187 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 7.6 años (rango 1-14); siendo 53.5% de género masculino. Las formas de presentación más frecuentes en nuestro trabajo fueron la adenitis y la fiebre. La mayoría recibió diversos esquemas de tratamiento antibiótico, secundario al retraso en el diagnóstico. La tasa de hospitalización fue muy baja, remitió con tratamiento ambulatorio con antibióticos o sin ellos (AU)

Bartonella henselae infection has different clinical presentations in pediatrics. According to the literature, the most common form of presentation in immunocompetent patients is single lymphadenopathy associated with fever. In 85 % of the cases a single lymph node is involved, with the axillary and epitrochlear nodes being the most commonly involved. There are other, less frequent, forms of presentation that should be taken into consideration in order to make an early diagnosis and indicate appropriate treatment if required. Diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion by the treating healthcare team, together with the epidemiological history, clinical findings on physical examination, and serology including immunoglobulin M and G dosage. The objectives of this study were to identify both the typical and atypical clinical manifestations of Bartonella henselae cat scratch disease, to describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of cases presenting at our hospital. A total of 187 patients were studied. The mean age was 7.6 years (range 1-14); 53.5% were male. The most frequent forms of presentation in our study were adenitis and fever. Most of them received different antibiotic treatment regimens due to delayed diagnosis. The hospitalization rate was very low and the disease typically resolved with outpatient treatment, with or without antibiotics (AU)

Biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal por laparoscopia

Introducción: La biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal es un procedimiento frecuentemente requerido en el estudio de neoplasias; resulta deseable optimizar su rendimiento con baja morbilidad. Este artículo describe la utilidad y complicaciones de biopsias ganglionares retroperitoneales por laparoscopia en una institución oncológica de Latinoamérica. Material y Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con biopsia ganglionar retroperitoneal o mesentérica laparoscópica entre 2011 y 2021 en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, en Bogotá, Colombia. Se recogieron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, complicaciones y mortalidad a 30 días, resultados histopatológicos y su rol en la clínica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes; 73% con diagnóstico de malignidad, principalmente linfoma. La indicación fue mayormente sospecha de recaída, seguida por sospecha de enfermedad hematológica de novo. Siempre se obtuvo tejido adecuado y suficiente para diagnóstico histológico. Requirieron conversión a laparotomía cinco pacientes (12%). No hubo complicaciones Clavien-Dindo III /IV ni mortalidad a 30 días. Se presentó morbilidad grado I o II en 3 casos (7%) y un incidente intraoperatorio grado III. Conclusión: La naturaleza invasiva y el carácter diagnóstico de la biopsia retroperitoneal laparoscópica, constituyen un desafío frecuente en la práctica del cirujano general. La planeación estratégica e individualizada y la técnica quirúrgica depurada son las claves para lograr el máximo rendimiento, con baja morbimortalidad.

Introduction: Retroperitoneal lymph node biopsy is a frequently required procedure in the study of neoplasms; it is desirable to optimize its performance with low morbidity. This paper describes the usefulness and complications of retroperitoneal lymph node biopsies by laparoscopy in a cancer institution in Latin America. Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with laparoscopic retroperitoneal or mesenteric lymph node biopsy between 2011 and 2021 at the National Cancer Institute, in Bogotá, Colombia. Demographic and surgical data, complications and 30-day mortality, histopathological results and their clinical role were collected. Results: 41 patients were included; 73% diagnosed with malignancy, mainly lymphoma. The indication was mostly suspected relapse, followed by suspected de novo hematologic disease. Adequate and sufficient tissue was always obtained for histological diagnosis. Five patients (12%) required conversion to laparotomy. There were no Clavien-Dindo III/IV complications or 30-day mortality. Grade I or II morbidity occurred in 3 cases (7%) and a grade III intraoperative incident. Conclusion: The invasive nature and diagnostic character of laparoscopic retroperitoneal biopsy constitute a frequent challenge in the practice of the general surgeon. Strategic and individualized planning and a refined surgical technique are the keys to achieving maximum performance, with low morbidity and mortality.

Systemic sarcoidosis presenting as acute rapidly progressive proptosis / Sarcoidose sistêmica apresentando-se como proptose aguda rapidamente progressiva

ABSTRACT Sarcoidosis is a generalized systemic chronic inflammation that rarely involves the orbit. As a chronic inflammation, sarcoidosis typically manifests with an insidious onset and slowly progressive course. We report a case of acute-onset proptosis resulting from a rapidly growing diffuse orbital mass that simulated malignant growth, which was biopsy proven to be the first manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis. The patient demonstrated complete resolution of proptosis and systemic involvement with long-term corticosteroid treatment.

RESUMO A sarcoidose é uma inflamação sistêmica generalizada que raramente envolve a órbita. Sendo uma inflamação crônica, a sarcoidose geralmente se manifesta com um início insidioso e uma evolução lentamente progressiva. Neste artigo, é relatado um caso de proptose de início agudo, resultante de uma massa orbitária difusa de rápido crescimento, simulando um crescimento maligno, mas cuja biópsia comprovou ser a primeira manifestação de uma sarcoidose sistêmica. O paciente apresentou resolução completa da proptose e do envolvimento sistêmico com tratamento de longo prazo com corticosteroides.

Enfermedad por arañazo de gato: experiencia en unhospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Cat-scratch disease: Experience in a tertiary care children's hospital

Introducción. Bartonella henselae es el agente etiológico de la enfermedad por arañazo de gato. Afecta a niños y a adultos jóvenes. El espectro clínico es amplio; la forma de presentación más frecuente es la linfadenopatía única. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar epidemiología, características clínicas y evolución de esta enfermedad en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y observacional realizado en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, desde el 01 de enero de 2019 hasta el 30 de junio de 2021. Se incluyeron niños de 0 a 16 años con clínica compatible y serología positiva. Resultados. Se incluyeron 150 niños, con una media de edad de 7,9 años ± 3,68. El 68,7 % refirió tener contacto con gatos. El motivo de consulta más frecuente fueron las adenopatías únicas (84,7 %) localizadas en cabeza y cuello. El síndrome febril sin foco motivó la consulta en el 15,5 % de los casos, con ecografía abdominal patológica en el 85,7 %. Presentó IgM e IgG positivas el 88 %. Con el resultado de la serología positiva, el 44 % recibió tratamiento antibiótico. Las adenopatías prolongadas fueron la principal causa de su instauración; el más utilizado fue la azitromicina (42,4 %). El 14 % (n = 21) requirió internación. Conclusiones. El diagnóstico implica sospecha clínica, nexo epidemiológico y exámenes complementarios. Su forma típica son las adenomegalias únicas localizadas en cabeza y cuello. Debido a la alta frecuencia de compromiso hepatoesplénico, la realización de ecografía abdominal estaría indicada en niños con fiebre.

Introduction. Bartonella henselae is the etiologic agent in cat-scratch disease. It affects children and young adults. The clinical spectrum is wide; the most common clinical presentation is a solitary lymphadenopathy. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, and course of this disease in a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Population and methods. Retrospective, descriptive, and observational study conducted at a tertiary care pediatric hospital from January 1st, 2019 to June 30 th, 2021. Children aged 0 to 16 years with compatible clinical signs and symptoms and positive serology were included. Results. A total of 150 patients were included; their mean age was 7.9 years ± 3.68. Of them, 68.7% reported having contact with cats. The most common reason for consultation was the presence of solitary lymphadenopathies (84.7%) in the head and neck. Febrile syndrome without source was the reason for consultation in 15.5% of cases, with a pathological abdominal ultrasound scan in 85.7%. IgM and IgG were positive in 88%. With the result of a positive serology test, 44% received antibiotic treatment. Protracted lymphadenopathy was the main reason for antibiotic treatment; the agent most commonly used was azithromycin (42.4%). Fourteen percent (n = 21) required hospitalization. Conclusions. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, epidemiological history, and complementary testing. Its typical presentation is a solitary enlarged lymph node in the head and neck. Due to the high frequency of hepatosplenic involvement, an abdominal ultrasound scan would be indicated in children with fever.

Linfoma de células B de alto grado de malignidad con morfología blastoide durante el embarazo: reporte de un caso / High-grade malignant B-Cell lymphoma with blastoid during pregnancy: a case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Durante el embarazo es más común el linfoma de Hodking que el no Hodking; afecta, en promedio, a mujeres de 30 años (18-44 años) y más. Suele diagnosticarse alrededor de las 28 semanas de embarazo y está documentado que puede llegarse al término. Los esquemas de tratamiento pueden iniciarse en el posparto inmediato o, incluso, antes. La incidencia mundial del linfoma no Hodking es de 0.8 por cada 100,000 mujeres; se desconoce la supervivencia durante el embarazo. CASO CLINICO: Paciente de 34 años, con antecedentes obstétricos de tres embarazos, una cesárea y un aborto y el embarazo actual en curso de las 29 semanas, referida de la ciudad de Colima debido a un reporte de BI-RADS 3 en el ultrasonido de mama y un nódulo mamario palpable, con evidencia de múltiples tumoraciones en la zona hepática, esplénica y peripancreática. La biopsia tomada de las zonas de la lesión reportó: linfoma de células B de alto grado de malignidad, con morfología blastoide y expresión de C-MYC y BCL2. Además, la paciente se encontró con: anemia, dolor abdominal, múltiples nódulos hepáticos y adenopatías abdominales. Se decidió la interrupción del embrazo a las 30 semanas, con la obtención de un recién nacido, sin complicaciones. Enseguida se inició el tratamiento con rituximab-etopósido-prednisolona-vincristina-ciclofosfamida-doxorrubicina (R-EPOCH) con adecuada adaptación por la paciente. CONCLUSION: Puesto que la información bibliográfica de linfoma y embarazo es escasa el caso aquí reportado es relevante por su aporte. La atención multidisciplinaria favorecerá siempre el pronóstico de las pacientes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hodking's lymphoma is more common during pregnancy than non-Hodking's lymphoma; it affects, on average, women aged 30 years (18-44 years) and older. It is usually diagnosed around 28 weeks of pregnancy and is documented to be carried to term. Treatment regimens can be initiated in the immediate postpartum period or even earlier. The worldwide incidence of non-Hodking's lymphoma is 0.8 per 100,000 women; survival during pregnancy is unknown. CLINICAL CASE: 34-year-old patient, with obstetric history of three pregnancies, one cesarean section and one abortion and the current pregnancy in progress at 29 weeks, referred from the city of Colima due to a report of BI-RADS 3 on breast ultrasound and a palpable breast nodule, with evidence of multiple tumors in the hepatic, splenic and peripancreatic area. Biopsy taken from the lesion areas reported: high grade malignant B-cell lymphoma, with blastoid morphology and expression of C-MYC and BCL2. In addition, the patient was found to have: anemia, abdominal pain, multiple hepatic nodules and abdominal adenopathies. It was decided to terminate the pregnancy at 30 weeks, with the delivery of an uncomplicated newborn. Rituximab-Etoposide, Prednisone, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, and Doxorubicin (R-EPOCH) therapy was started immediately with adequate adaptation by the patient. CONCLUSION: Since bibliographic information on lymphoma and pregnancy is scarce, the case reported here is relevant for its contribution. Multidisciplinary care will always favor the prognosis of patients.

Linfadenitis por Mycobacterium en pacientes inmunocompetentes y viviendo con VIH/sida / Lymphodenitis by Mycobacterium in immunocompetent and living with HIV/AIDS patients

Introducción: La coinfección del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y la tuberculosis ha alterado su presentación histológica, esto es particularmente frecuente en las linfadenitis. Objetivos: Realizar la caracterización etiológica de linfadenopatías producidas por el género Mycobacterium, destacar la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad para evitar diseminación de la infección, tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunodeficientes, específicamente con VIH/sida. Método: Se realizó estudio descriptivo-prospectivo entre enero de 2017 y enero de 2019. Durante este período se recibieron 5640 muestras, de estas 81 obtenidas a partir de tejido ganglionar; la toma de muestra mayoritariamente fue quirúrgica 74 (91,35 por ciento) y 7 (8,64 por ciento) por biopsia aspirativa (BAAF). Del total de muestras, 60 (74,07 por ciento) procedían de pacientes con VIH/sida, las muestras se descontaminaron por el método de ácido sulfúrico al 4 por ciento, se cultivaron en medio sólido Löwenstein-Jensen e incubaron a 37°C. Se realizaron lecturas semanalmente. Para identificar Mycobacterium tuberculosis se realizó la prueba rápida comercial inmunocromatográfica SD TB AgMPT64. Resultados: De 81 muestras analizadas se obtuvieron 22 (27,16 por ciento) aislamientos, 16 (72,72 por ciento) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, y 6 (27,27 por ciento) de especies no tuberculosas. De estas, 18 (81,81 por ciento) procedían de pacientes con VIH/sida. Conclusión: Por todo lo antes expuesto es importante la vigilancia diagnóstica en este tipo de infección extrapulmonar, tanto para M. tuberculosis como para otras especies no tuberculosas y poder comenzar tempranamente el tratamiento específico evitando la diseminación de la infección, pues esta puede tener consecuencias fatales, sobre todo en pacientes con algún tipo de inmunosupresión, como aquellos con VHI/sida. Si un paciente mantiene fiebre prolongada, con linfadenopatías, sin síntomas respiratorios y no responde a los tratamientos con antibióticos, es necesario pensar en este tipo de infección(AU)

Introduction: The coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis has altered its histological presentation; this is particularly frequent in lymphadenitis. Objective: To carry out the etiological characterization of lymphadenopathies produced by the genus Mycobacterium, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis of this disease to avoid dissemination of the infection, both in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients, specifically HIV / AIDS. Methods: A descriptive-prospective study was carried out between January 2017 - January 2019. During this period, 5640 samples were received, of these 81 obtained from lymph node tissue, the sample collection was mostly surgical 74 (91.35 percent) and 7 (8.64 percent) by aspiration biopsy (BAAF). Of the total samples, 60 (74.07 percent) were from HIV / AIDS patients, the samples were decontaminated by the 4 percent sulfuric acid method and cultured in solid Löwenstein-Jensen medium and incubated at 370C, the readings were made weekly. For the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the commercial SD TB AgMPT64 immunochromatographic rapid test was performed. Results: Of 81 samples analyzed, 22 (27.16 percent) isolates were obtained, 16 (72.72 percent) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and 6 (27.27 percent) of non-tuberculous species, of these 18 (81.81%) were from HIV / AIDS patients. Conclusion: For all the above, diagnostic surveillance is important in this type of extrapulmonary infection, both for M tuberculosis and for other non-tuberculous species and to be able to start specific treatment early, avoiding the spread of the infection, since it can have fatal consequences on all in patients with some type of immunosuppression, such as HIV/AIDS. If a patient maintains a prolonged fever, with lymphadenopathy, without respiratory symptoms and does not respond to antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to consider this type of infection(AU)

Critical review of clinical practice guidelines for evaluation of neck mass in adults / Revisão crítica das diretrizes de prática clínica para avaliação de massas cervicais em adultos

Abstract Objective: Several clinical practice guidelines have been produced and disseminated for the evaluation of a neck mass. However, to date, the quality and methodologic rigor of these clinical practice guidelines have not been appraised. Therefore, this study set out to identify and assess the methodologic quality of national and international guidelines for the evaluation and management of neck masses in adults. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and grey literature sources until September 2020. The quality of these guidelines was assessed by four reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation, 2nd edition (AGREE II). Domain scores were considered acceptable quality if they scored >60%, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess agreement among the appraisers. Results: Seven guidelines were assessed for evaluation. Among these, only the American Academy of Otolaryngology (AAO), Cancer Care Manitoba (CCMB), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) achieved an overall rating of ‟high". The remaining four guidelines achieved ratings of either ‟average" or ‟low". The ‟Scope and Purpose" domain achieved the highest mean score (94.4%±5.0%), and lowest was ‟Applicability" (51.5%±29.2%). ICC analysis showed substantial to very good agreement across all domains (0.75-0.98). Conclusion: These findings highlight the variability in methodologic quality of guidelines for the evaluation and management of adult neck mass. The results from this analysis highlight the need to improve guidelines development process for this topic and may guide the selection and use of these guidelines in clinical practice.

Resumo Introdução: Várias diretrizes de práticas clínicas foram produzidas e divulgadas para a avaliação de massa cervical. Porém, até o momento, a qualidade e o rigor metodológico dessas diretrizes de práticas clínicas não foram avaliados. Objetivo: Identificar e avaliar a qualidade metodológica das diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para a avaliação e tratamento de massas cervicais em adultos. Método: Fizemos uma pesquisa abrangente das fontes de dados Embase, Medline/PubMed, Scopus e literatura cinza até setembro de 2020. A qualidade dessas diretrizes foi avaliada por quatro revisores com a 2a edição do Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II). Os escores dos domínios foram considerados de qualidade aceitável se pontuassem >60% e os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (Intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC) foram calculados para avaliar a concordância entre os avaliadores. Resultados: Sete diretrizes foram investigadas para avaliação. Entre elas, apenas a American Academy of Otolaryngology (AAO), o Cancer Care Manitoba (CCMB) e a American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) obtiveram uma classificação geral ‟alta". As quatro diretrizes restantes obtiveram classificações ‟media" ou ‟baixa". O domínio ‟Escopo e objetivo'" obteve o maior escore médio (94,4% ± 5,0%) e o domínio ‟Aplicabilidade" obteve o menor escore (51,5%±29,2%). A análise ICC mostrou concordância substancial a muito boa em todos os domínios (0,75-0,98). Conclusão: Esses achados destacam a variabilidade na qualidade metodológica das diretrizes para avaliação e tratamento de massa cervical em adultos. Os resultados dessa análise destacam a necessidade de melhorar o processo de desenvolvimento de diretrizes para esse tópico e podem orientar a seleção e o uso dessas diretrizes na prática clínica.

Síndrome de POEMS: a propósito de un caso / POEMS syndrome: A case report

RESUMEN El síndrome POEMS es una enfermedad de patogenia desconocida. El acrónimo deriva de las principales manifestaciones clínicas de este cuadro: polineuropatía, organomegalia, endocrinopatía, gammapatía monoclonal y trastornos de la piel. Estudios recientes sugieren la asociación de mutaciones genéticas con inmunoglobulina λ. En este reporte presentamos el caso de un paciente de 56 años, con un cuadro clínico de diez meses de evolución. Al inicio, se presentó un edema en los miembros inferiores e hipertricosis, y luego aparecieron los síntomas gastrointestinales, linfadenopatía inguinal y parestesia de miembros inferiores. Enfatizamos la importancia de este caso clínico debido a que, en nuestro país, los informes de pacientes con el síndrome POEMS son escasos, y en el departamento de La Libertad no existe ningún reporte. Además, el tiempo para diagnosticar esta enfermedad es prolongado.

ABSTRACT POEMS syndrome is a disease of unknown pathogenesis. The acronym stands for the disease's main clinical manifestations: polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy and skin disorders. Recent studies suggest the association of genetic mutations with immunoglobulin λ. We report the case of a 56-year-old male patient with a 10-month clinical picture, whose initial signs and symptoms were lower limb edema and hypertrichosis, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms, inguinal lymphadenopathy and lower limb paresthesia. We emphasize the importance of this clinical case, given the limited reports of POEMS syndrome at the national level and no reported cases in the department of La Libertad, and the long time it takes to diagnose such disease.

Linfadenopatía cervical y supraclavicular ipsilateral a la vacunación de refuerzo con Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 / Cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination

La COVID-19 es la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus conocido como SARS-CoV-2. Para finales del 2020, la FDA de los Estados Unidos aprobó la primera vacuna para su uso de emergencia contra el COVID-19, desarrollada por Pfizer y BioNTech (BNT162b2). Este nuevo tipo de vacuna utiliza ARN mensajero modificado, el cual le da instrucciones al organismo para generar un fragmento de la proteína espiga de la superficie del virus, y que por sí sola desencadena una respuesta inmunitaria que ayuda a proteger el organismo contra una infección por COVID-19. Dentro de los eventos adversos menos comunes reportados en los estudios clínicos iniciales está la linfadenopatía (0.3 %). Objetivo: reportar el caso de paciente masculino que acude a evaluación sonográfica por preocupación de nódulo palpable en región supraclavicular. Resultados: a la evaluación sonográfica se observa cadena ganglionar reactiva compatible con una linfadenopatía. Paciente reporta vacunación de refuerzo con la vacuna Pfizer 8 días antes de la evaluación, subsecuente a dos vacunas Coronavac, corroborando de que se trata de una linfadenopatía reactiva, secundaria a una respuesta inmune robusta al refuerzo con la vacuna Pfizer. Se realiza una medición de Anti-SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG cuantitativa a los 15 días del refuerzo con Pfizer, reportando valores elevados de 10,600 BAU/mL. Se orientó al paciente a regresar en una semana para seguimiento ecográfico, el cual evidenció resolución espontánea sin secuelas. Conclusiones: los hallazgos de adenopatía axilar o supraclavicular unilateral subsecuentes a la vacunación por COVID-19 deben ser informados tanto a médicos como pacientes, como un efecto secundario temporal producto de la respuesta inmunológica post vacuna. Este hallazgo benigno no requiere seguimiento adicional de imágenes y mucho menos de procedimientos invasivos como biopsias, los cuales generan mucha ansiedad al paciente, además de ser muy costosos para los mismos

COVID-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus identified as SARS-CoV-2. Towards the end of 2020, the FDA of the United States approved the first vaccine for emergency use against COVID-19, which was developed by Pfizer and BioNTech (BNT162b2). This new type of vaccine uses a modified RNA Messenger, which gives instructions to the host cells of the vaccinated person to produce a fragment of the spike protein of the virus, which then generates an inmune response and protects the recipient of the vaccine against COVID-19. Among the adverse events less frequently reported in the initial clinical studies of the vaccine is lymphadenopathy which was reported by 0.3% of the participants. Objective: Presentation of a case report of a male subject that came to a ultrasound evaluation due to concern of a palpable nodule in the supraclavicular región. Results: Ultrasound exam showed reactive unilateral cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. Patient reports a third dose booster with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine, 8 days prior to the evaluation, after completing a two-dose vaccination schedule with the Coronavac/Sinovac vaccine, confirming a vigorous immune response to the mRNA anti-COVID vaccines. This response was validated by elevated Anti-SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (10,600 BAU/mL). Patient was informed to return in a week for an echography follow-up which showed spontaneous resolution without leaving sequelae. Conclusions: It is of great importance to inform this benign finding of supraclavicular or axillar adenopathy subsequent to COVID vaccination to the medical community and patients, to avoid unnecessary medical interventions such as imaging or biopsies, which generate anxiety to the patient as well as additional costs

Gastrinoma primario de ganglio linfático

Los gastrinomas son tumores neuroendocrinos localizados generalmente en duodeno y páncreas, en el contexto de una neoplasia endocrina múltiple y configurando un síndrome de Zollinger-Ellison. La localización de este tipo de tumor en ganglios linfáticos es extremadamente inusual y su diagnóstico precoz constituye un verdadero reto para poder instaurar un tratamiento adecuado y manejar las complicaciones que estos conllevan. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 64 años con un gastrinoma de ganglio linfático y cuya extirpación quirúrgica resultó en la remisión inmediata del cuadro clínico del paciente.

Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors usually located in the duodenum and pancreas, in the context of a Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm and forming a Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The location of this type of lymph node tumor is extremely unusual and its early diagnosis constitutes a real challenge to be able to establish an adequate treatment and manage the complications that these entail. We present the case of a 64-year-old male patient with a lymph node gastrinoma and whose surgical removal resulted in the immediate remission of the patient's symptoms.

Linfadenopatía reactiva por vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech para COVID-19: reporte de un caso / Reactive lymphadenopathy due to Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine: a case report

Uno de los efectos secundarios encontrados en pacientes con antecedente de vacunación por COVID-19, especialmente con la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech, es la aparición de múltiples adenopatías hiperplásicas, principalmente en los ganglios linfáticos axilares, supraclaviculares e infraclaviculares ipsilaterales al sitio de vacunación. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 33 años, con aparición de masa dolorosa supraclavicular izquierda, quien una semana antes había sido vacunada con la primera dosis de la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech en región deltoidea izquierda. Los hallazgos citológicos fueron sugestivos de una enfermedad linfoproliferativa, y el estudio histopatológico reveló linfadenopatía reactiva con proliferación de inmunoblastos B activados, secundaria a la vacunación contra COVID-19. Aportamos a la literatura con la caracterización de los hallazgos histopatológicos de la linfadenopatía posvacunación contra COVID-19. Es importante que los médicos tratantes y radiólogos estén familiarizados con este diagnóstico diferencial, para brindar recomendaciones adecuadas basadas en un seguimiento a corto plazo, en lugar de realizar biopsias, intervenciones y conductas inmediatas innecesarias en el manejo de los pacientes

One of the side effects found in patients with a history of vaccination for COVID-19, especially with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, is the appearance of multiple hyperplastic adenopathies, mainly axillary, supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph nodes ipsilateral to the vaccination site. We present the case of a 33-year-old female patient, with the appearance of a painful left supraclavicular mass, who was vaccinated a week earlier with the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in the left deltoid region. The cytological findings were suggestive of a lymphoproliferative disease, and the histopathological study revealed reactive lymphadenopathy with proliferation of activated B immunoblasts, secondary to vaccination against COVID-19. We contribute to the literature with the characterization of the histopathological findings of COVID-19 post-vaccination lymphadenopathy. It is important for treating physicians and radiologists to be familiar with this differential diagnosis, in order to provide appropriate recommendations based on short-term follow-up, instead of performing unnecessary immediate biopsies or interventions in patient management.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating between benign and malignant thoracic lymph nodes: a meta-analysis / Ressonância magnética ponderada em difusão para a diferenciação entre linfonodos torácicos malignos de benignos: uma meta-análise

Abstract Objective: To establish the diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in discriminating malignant from non-malignant thoracic lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: This was a meta-analysis involving systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases up through April 2020. Studies reporting thoracic DWI and lymph node evaluation were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Results: We evaluated six studies, involving a collective total of 356 mediastinal lymph nodes in 214 patients. Thoracic DWI had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 92% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 71-98%) and 93% (95% CI: 79-98%), respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 13.2 (95% CI: 4.0-43.8) and 0.09 (95% CI: 0.02-0.36), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio was 149 (95% CI: 18-1,243), and the AUC was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98). Conclusion: DWI is a reproducible technique and has demonstrated high accuracy for differentiating between malignant and benign states in thoracic lymph nodes.

Resumo Objetivo: Uma meta-análise foi realizada para estabelecer o desempenho diagnóstico da ressonância magnética com imagem ponderada em difusão (DWI) na discriminação de linfonodos torácicos malignos de benignos. Materiais e Métodos: MEDLINE, EMBASE e Web of Science foram sistematicamente pesquisados até abril de 2020. Foram incluídos estudos que relatavam o uso de DWI na avaliação de linfonodos torácicos. Sensibilidade, especificidade, razão de chances de diagnóstico, valores preditivos positivos e negativos e área sob a curva (AUC) foram calculados. Resultados: Foram encontrados 356 linfonodos mediastinais de 214 pacientes nos seis estudos incluídos. DWI produziu sensibilidade e especificidade combinadas de 92% (intervalo de confiança 95% [IC 95%]: 71-98%) e 93% (IC 95%: 79-98%), respectivamente. A razão de verossimilhança positiva foi de 13,2 (IC 95%: 4,0-43,8), a razão de verossimilhança negativa foi de 0,09 (IC 95%: 0,02-0,36); A razão de chances de diagnóstico foi de 149 (IC 95%: 18-1.243). A DWI teve uma AUC de 0,97 (IC 95%: 0,95-0,98). Conclusão: DWI é uma técnica reprodutível que demonstrou alta acurácia na diferenciação de estados malignos e benignos nos linfonodos torácicos.

Difficult airway in a patient with lymphoma. A case report.

A 86-year-old male patient, diagnosed with lymphoma, was scheduled for a submaxillectomy to choose his best chemotherapy treatment. He referred recent voice changes and laterocervical adenopathies without respiratory symptoms. There were no additional risk predictors in preoperative airway assessment. Following anaesthesic induction, an upper airway obstruction occurred. After that, an unexpected difficult airway was encountered. Both clinical situations resulted in unpredicted difficult airway management. Image tests seen after the procedure revealed a severe narrowing of parapharyngeal space due to Waldeyer's ring hypertrophy. This medical condition had remained unnoticed in preoperative assessment. Advanced lymphoproliferative syndromes cause disseminated adenopathies whose parapharyngeal involvement can lead to a difficult airway even in the absence of preoperative risk predictors.

Acute/subacute paracoccidioidomycosis with associated eosinophilia

Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic mycosis whose initial diagnosis may be difficult, as it shares the clinical characteristics of granulomatous and neoplastic diseases. Although its chronic form is the most frequent, we present the case of a young patient with an acute/ subacute presentation with lymphadenopathy, peripheral eosinophilia and a false-positive hepatitis C serology. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and tissue culture, and he was treated with amphotericin B due to clinical deterioration secondary to progression of systemic involvement. (Acta Med Colomb 2021; 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2021.1921).

La paracoccidiodomicosis es una micosis endémica cuyo diagnóstico inicial puede ser difícil al compartir características clínicas de enfermedades granulomatosas y neoplásicas. Aunque su forma más frecuente es la crónica presentamos el caso de un paciente joven con un cuadro agudo/subagudo con linfadenopatías, eosinofilia periférica y una serología para hepatitis C falsamente positiva. El diagnóstico fue confirmado por histopatología y cultivo de tejidos y se dio manejo con anfotericina B ante el deterioro clínico por progresión del compromiso sistémico.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y patológicas de los linfomas en pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño de Breña - Perú, 2015-2019

Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y patológicas de los linfomas en pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña entre el 2015-2019. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo; correspondiente a los pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de linfoma entre los años 2015 al 2019. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa SPSS v24. Las variables cuantitativas fueron expresadas en medidas de tendencia central y las cualitativas en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 43 casos, el promedio fue 7,2 años (1a - 16a), el 72,1% (n= 31) fueron del sexo masculino. Entre los síntomas más frecuentes están fiebre 51,2% (n= 22), baja de peso 41,9% (n= 18) y cansancio 20,9% (n= 9) y entre los signos prevalentes, las linfadenopatías 83,7% (n=36) y tumoración abdominal con 14% (n= 6). La localización más frecuente fue la de tipo ganglionar con 69,8% (n=30). La anemia se presentó en un 58,1% (n= 25). Según el diagnóstico anátomopatologico, 20 (48,8%) casos fueron Linfoma Hodgkin (LH) y 23 (51,2%) no Hodgkin (LNH); siendo los tipos más frecuente el linfoma linfoblástico B con un 25,6% (n=11), seguido de LH celularidad mixta con 20,9% (n= 9). El linfoma más frecuente en etapa preescolar fue el LH celularidad mixta con 31,3% (n= 5), mientras que en etapa escolar el linfoma linfoblástico B con 25,9% (n=7). Conclusiones. En pacientes pediátricos, el linfoma afectó mayormente al sexo masculino, presentando fiebre, baja de peso, linfoadenopatías, tumoración abdominal y anemia. El linfoma linfoblástico B fue el más frecuente; estas características clínicas son similares a lo reportado a nivel mundial.

Objective. To determine the clinical, epidemiological and pathological characteristics of lymphomas in patients of the National Institute of Child Health Breña between 2015-2019. Methods. A quantitative, observational, crosssectional, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out; corresponding to pediatric patients diagnosed with lymphoma between 2015 and 2019. The SPSS v24 program was used for the analysis. The quantitative variables were expressed in measures of central tendency and the qualitative ones in absolute and relative frequencies. Results. 43 cases were included, the average age was 7.2 years (1a - 16a), 72.1% (n = 31) were male. Among the most frequent symptoms are fever 51.2% (n = 22), weight loss 41.9% (n = 18) and fatigue 20.9% (n = 9) and among the prevalent signs, lymphadenopathy 83.7% (n = 36) and abdominal mass with 14% (n = 6). The most frequent location was the lymph node type with 69.8% (n = 30). Anemia occurred in 58.1% (n = 25). According to the pathological diagnosis, 20 (48.8%) cases were Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and 23 (51.2%) were non-Hodgkin's (NHL); the most frequent types being B lymphoblastic lymphoma with 25.6% (n = 11), followed by mixed cellularity LH with 20.9% (n = 9). The most frequent lymphoma in preschool stage was mixed cellularity LH with 31.3% (n = 5), while in school stage B lymphoblastic lymphoma with 25.9% (n = 7). Conclusions. In pediatric patients, lymphoma mainly affects the male sex, presenting fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, abdominal tumor and anemia. B lymphoblastic lymphoma was the most frequent; these clinical characteristics are similar to those reported worldwide.

Difficult airway in a patient with lymphoma. A case report. / Vía aérea difícil en paciente con linfoma. Descripción de un caso clínico.

A 86-year-old male patient, diagnosed with lymphoma, was scheduled for a submaxillectomy to choose his best chemotherapy treatment. He referred recent voice changes and laterocervical adenopathies without respiratory symptoms. There were no additional risk predictors in preoperative airway assessment. Following anaesthesic induction, an upper airway obstruction occurred. After that, an unexpected difficult airway was encountered. Both clinical situations resulted in unpredicted difficult airway management. Image tests seen after the procedure revealed a severe narrowing of parapharyngeal space due to Waldeyer's ring hypertrophy. This medical condition had remained unnoticed in preoperative assessment. Advanced lymphoproliferative syndromes cause disseminated adenopathies whose parapharyngeal involvement can lead to a difficult airway even in the absence of preoperative risk predictors.

Enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto / Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease

RESUMEN ntroducción: la enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto es una causa rara de linfadenopatía cervical. Se caracteriza por una proliferación focal de células reticulares acompañadas de numerosos histiocitos y restos nucleares extensos. Objetivo: presentar un paciente con enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto diagnosticado por el departamento de Anatomía Patológica. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino con VIH, color de la piel negra, 33 años de edad, acudió a consulta por presentar un síndrome febril prolongado y adenopatías en la región del cuello. Con la administración de anestesia local y sedación se realizó escisión de adenopatías y se diagnosticó una linfadenitis necrotizante histiocítica o enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto. Conclusiones: la enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto es una entidad rara y de etiología incierta. El diagnóstico certero se obtiene del estudio histopatológico de una biopsia y el tratamiento incluye el uso de antipiréticos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. It is characterized by a focal proliferation of reticular cells accompanied by numerous histiocytes and extensive nuclear remains. Objective: to present a patient with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease diagnosed by the Department of Pathology. Case report: a 33-year-old, male, black race, HIV patient came to the clinic for presenting a prolonged febrile syndrome and lymphadenopathy in the neck region. With the administration of local anesthesia and sedation, adenopathies excision was performed and a histiocytic-necrotizing lymphadenitis or Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease was diagnosed. Conclusions: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease is a rare entity with an uncertain etiology. The accurate diagnosis is obtained from the pathologic-histological study of a biopsy and the treatment included the use of antipyretics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Diferenciación entre linfadenopatía cervical benigna y maligna mediante ecografía en niños / Differentiation of benign from malignant cervical lymphadenopathy by ultrasonography in children

Introducción. Las causas más frecuentes de la linfadenopatía cervical son las afecciones inflamatorias y reactivas; solo unos pocos casos representan una patología seria. El objetivo fue evaluar la relación entre los hallazgos ecográficos y el diagnóstico histopatológico. Población y métodos. Este estudio retrospectivo abarcó la linfadenopatía cervical en los menores de 20 años seguidos en nuestro centro, entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2016. Según los informes anatomopatológicos, se dividió a los pacientes en dos grupos: benigno y maligno. Se compararon los resultados anatomopatológicos y los hallazgos ecográficos. Resultados. Después del análisis de los resultados histopatológicos y los hallazgos ecográficos, se incluyó a 107 pacientes con linfadenopatía cervical persistente (44 casos malignos; 63, benignos). La media de edad de los grupos maligno y benigno fue de 14 ± 6,1 años y de 11,9 ± 4,8 años, respectivamente. La presencia de vascularidad hiliar fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,0001) en la linfadenopatía benigna, mientras que el flujo periférico y la vascularidad mixta lo fueron (p < 0,05) en la linfadenopatía maligna. No se observó una diferencia significativa en el diámetro máximo (27,3 ± 11,1 mm y 29,8 ± 12,3 mm, respectivamente), pero sí en el diámetro mínimo entre los grupos benigno y maligno (13,7 ± 7,3 mm y 18,7 ± 8,8 mm, respectivamente). Conclusiones. Este estudio sugiere que existe una relación entre los hallazgos ecográficos y de la biopsia para la diferenciación entre la linfadenopatía benigna y maligna, en especial, en el patrón vascular intraganglionar y el hilio ganglionar.

Introduction. The most common causes of cervical lymphadenopathy (LAP) are inflammatory and reactive conditions; only a small proportion have serious pathology, such as malignancy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between USG findings and histopathological diagnosis of the cervical LAP. Population and Methods. This retrospective study comprised the cases of cervical LAP in patients aged under 20 years old followed in our center between January 2007 to December 2016. Based on pathology reports, we divided the patients into two groups: benign and malignant. Pathology results and USG findings were compared. Results. After the analyze of the histopathological results and USG findings, 107 patients with persistent cervical LAP (44 malignant; 63 benign) were included in the study. Mean age of malignant and benign group were 14 ± 6.1; 11.9 ± 4.8 years, respectively. Hilar vascularity for benign LAP was highly statistically significant (P < 0.0001) and peripheral flow and mixed vascularity for malignant LAP were also statistically significant (p < 0.05). There was not a significant difference in the maximum diameter (27.3 ± 11.1 mm and 29.8 ± 12.3 mm, respectively), however, there was a significant difference in the minimum diameter between benign and malignant groups (13.7 ± 7.3 mm and 18.7 ± 8.8 mm, respectively).Conclusions. The present study suggests that there is a relationship between US and biopsy findings for the differentiation of benign from malignant LAP, especially in terms of nodal hilus and intranodal vascular pattern.

The role of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in isolated intrathoracic lymphadenopathy in non-neoplastic patients: a common dilemma in clinical practice / O papel da aspiração transbrônquica com agulha guiada por ultrassonografia endobrônquica na linfonodomegalia intratorácica isolada em pacientes não neoplásicos: um dilema comum na prática clínica

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in non-neoplastic patients with isolated intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (IL). Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with isolated IL referred for EBUS-TBNA. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of EBUS-TBNA in the diagnosis of granulomatous, reactive, and neoplastic lymphadenopathy. In cases of nonspecific granulomas, reactive lymphadenopathy, or inconclusive results, a definitive diagnosis was established by other diagnostic procedures or during a follow-up period of at least 18 months. Results: Among the 58 patients included in the study, EBUS-TBNA established a diagnosis of granulomatous disease in 22 (38%), reactive lymphadenopathy in 15 (26%), cancer in 8 (14%), and other diseases in 3 (5%). Results were inconclusive in 10 (17%), the diagnosis being established by other bronchoscopic procedures in 2 (20%) and by surgical procedures in 8 (80%). A final diagnosis of reactive lymphadenopathy was established in 12. Of those, 11 (92%) had their diagnosis confirmed during follow-up and 1 (8%) had their diagnosis confirmed by mediastinoscopy. In another 3, a final diagnosis of sarcoidosis or neoplasm was established. For the diagnosis of granulomatous disease, neoplasms, and reactive lymphadenopathy, EBUS-TBNA was found to have a sensitivity of 73%, 68%, and 92%, respectively; a specificity of 100%, 100%, and 93%, respectively; an accuracy of 86%, 93%, and 93%, respectively; a PPV of 100%, 100%, and 80%, respectively; and an NPV of 78%, 92%, and 98%, respectively. Conclusions: In non-neoplastic patients, granulomatous disease and reactive lymphadenopathy appear to be common causes of isolated IL. EBUS-TBNA shows promising results as a first-line minimally invasive diagnostic procedure. The results obtained by EBUS-TBNA can be optimized by examining clinical and radiological findings during follow-up or by comparison with the results obtained with other bronchoscopic methods.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o rendimento diagnóstico da endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA, aspiração transbrônquica com agulha guiada por ultrassonografia endobrônquica) em pacientes não neoplásicos com linfonodomegalia intratorácica (LI) isolada. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes com LI isolada encaminhados para EBUS-TBNA. Foram calculados a sensibilidade, especificidade, precisão, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) da EBUS-TBNA no diagnóstico de linfadenopatia granulomatosa, reacional e neoplásica. Em casos de granulomas inespecíficos, linfadenopatia reacional ou resultados inconclusivos, o diagnóstico definitivo foi estabelecido por meio de outros procedimentos diagnósticos ou ao longo de pelo menos 18 meses de acompanhamento. Resultados: Nos 58 pacientes incluídos, a EBUS-TBNA permitiu que se estabelecesse o diagnóstico de doença granulomatosa em 22 (38%), linfadenopatia reacional em 15 (26%), câncer em 8 (14%) e outras doenças em 3 (5%). Os resultados foram inconclusivos em 10 (17%), nos quais o diagnóstico foi feito por meio de outros procedimentos broncoscópicos, em 2 (20%), ou de procedimentos cirúrgicos, em 8 (80%). O diagnóstico final de linfadenopatia reacional foi feito em 12. Destes, 11 (92%) receberam confirmação diagnóstica durante o acompanhamento e 1 (8%), por meio de mediastinoscopia. Em outros 3, o diagnóstico final foi sarcoidose ou neoplasia. Para o diagnóstico de doença granulomatosa, câncer e linfadenopatia reacional, a EBUS-TBNA apresentou sensibilidade de 73%, 68% e 92%, respectivamente; especificidade de 100%, 100% e 93%, respectivamente; precisão de 86%, 93% e 93%, respectivamente; VPP de 100%, 100% e 80%, respectivamente; VPN de 78%, 92% e 98%, respectivamente. Conclusões: Em pacientes não neoplásicos, doenças granulomatosas e linfadenopatia reacional parecem ser causas comuns de LI isolada. A EBUS-TBNA apresenta resultados promissores como procedimento diagnóstico minimamente invasivo de primeira linha. Os resultados obtidos pela EBUS-TBNA podem ser otimizados pelos achados clínicos e radiológicos durante o acompanhamento ou pela comparação com os resultados de outros métodos broncoscópicos.